Sequential Synthesis and Active‐Site Coordination Principle of Precious Metal Single‐Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and PEM Fuel Cells

Carbon‐supported precious metal single‐atom catalysts (PM SACs) have shown promising application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the coordination principle of the active site, consisting of one PM atom and several coordinating anions, is still unclear for PM SACs. Here, a sequential coordination method is developed to dope a large amount of PM atoms (Ir, Rh, Pt and Pd) into a zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF), which are further pyrolyzed into nitrogen‐coordinated PM SACs. The PM loadings are as high as 1.2–4.5 wt%, achieving the highest PM loadings in ZIF‐derived SACs to date. In the acidic half‐cell, Ir₁‐N/C and Rh₁‐N/C exhibit much higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities than nanoparticle catalysts Ir/C and Rh/C. In the contrast, the activities of Pd₁‐N/C and Pt₁‐N/C are considerably lower than Pd/C and Pt/C. Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the ORR activity of PM SAC depends on the match between the OH* adsorption on PM and the electronegativity of coordinating anions, and the stronger OH* adsorption is, the higher electronegativity is needed for the coordinating anions. PEMFC tests confirm the active‐site coordination principle and show the extremely high atomic efficiency of Ir₁‐N/C. The revealed principle provides guidance for designing future PM SACs for PEMFCs.     

Comparative Antiviral Efficacy of Viral Protease Inhibitors against the Novel SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro

Virologica Sinica - The recent outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus has posed a great threat to public health. Identifying safe and effective antivirals is...     

Effect of fibre sources on performance,serum parameters,intestinal morphology,digestive enzyme activities and microbiota in weaned pigs

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of wheat bran (WB) as insoluble fibre source, and sugar beet pulp (SBP) as soluble fibre source, on performance, serum parameters and intestinal health in weaned pigs. A total of 90 weaned pigs (BW: 7.33 ± 1.24 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: (1) a control diet (CON) based on corn and soybean meal; (2) CON + 6% WB; (3) CON + 6% SBP. Each treatment had five replicate pens with six pigs per pen. The experimental period was divided into two phases (d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28). Pigs in group WB tended to have greater avarage daily gain than those in group SBP. Compared with CON, SBP reduced (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter (OM), gross energy and neutral detergent fibre on d 14 and 28, while WB decreased (p < 0.05) the ATTD of OM on d 28. Pigs in group SBP had higher (p < 0.05) glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration than the other groups on d 14 and 28. The villus height to crypt depth (V:C) ratio of duodenum and jejunum in pigs fed diet WB were greater (p < 0.05) than in group SBP. The WB increased (p < 0.05) the V:C ratio of ileum compared with CON or SBP. Compared with SBP, WB increased (p < 0.05) the sucrase activity in the duodenum. Moreover, pigs in WB had higher (p < 0.05) activities of maltase and sucrase in the jejunum compared with CON or SBP. The abundances of Ruminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae were increased (p < 0.05) in WB, while the Lachnospiraceae abundance was increased (p < 0.05) in SBP. WB increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), while SBP increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of acetate and total SCFA when compared with CON. In conclusion, WB was beneficial to performance in weaned pigs by improving morphology, enzyme activities and microbiota when compared with SBP, highlighting that effects of fibre depends on the fibre sources.     

Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper levels on nutrient digestion,ruminal fermentation,enzyme activity,microflora and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls

ABSTRACT

The study evaluated the effects of soybean oil (SO) and dietary copper levels on nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, enzyme activity, microflora and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Eight Holstein rumen-cannulated bulls (14 ± 0.2 months of age and 326 ± 8.9 kg of body weight) were allocated into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors being 0 or 40 g/kg dietary dry matter (DM) of SO and 0 or 7.68 mg/kg DM of Cu from copper sulphate (CS). The basal diet contained per kg DM 500 g of corn silage, 500 g of concentrate, 28 g of ether extract (EE) and 7.5 mg of Cu. The SO × CS interaction was significant (p < 0.05) for ruminal propionate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio. Dietary SO addition increased (p < 0.05) intake and total tract digestibility of EE but did not affect average daily gain (ADG) of bulls. Dietary CS addition did not affect nutrient intake but increased (p < 0.05) ADG and total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments. Dietary SO addition did not affect ruminal total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, decreased (p < 0.05) acetate proportion and ammonia N and increased (p < 0.05) propionate proportion. Dietary CS addition did not affect ammonia N, increased (p < 0.05) total VFA concentration and acetate proportion and decreased (p < 0.05) propionate proportion. Acetate to propionate ratio decreased (p < 0.05) with SO addition and increased (p < 0.05) with CS addition. Dietary SO addition decreased (p < 0.05) activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase and xylanase as well as population of fungi, protozoa, methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens but increased (p < 0.05) α-amylase activity and population of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus. Dietary CS addition increased (p < 0.05) activity of cellulolytic enzyme and protease as well as population of total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, methanogens, primary cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Microbial protein synthesis was unchanged with SO addition but increased (p < 0.05) with CS addition. The results indicated that the addition of CS promoted nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation by stimulating microbial growth and enzyme activity but did not relieve the negative effects of SO addition on ruminal fermentation in dairy bulls.     

海洋生态系统调节服务价值评估方法及应用——以温州市为例

海洋生态系统服务可分为供给、调节、文化和支持4组服务,调节服务是海洋生态系统服务的关键构成要素之一。现行国家标准《海洋生态资本评估技术导则》(GB/T 28058-2011)中调节服务价值已有相应评估指标和方法,但与陆地生态系统的评估体系并不统一。为了更好地接轨陆地生态系统评估体系和将海洋生态系统服务价值评估纳入国民经济核算体系,首先对调节服务价值的评估指标和方法进行改进和完善,之后以温州海域为例开展应用验证,并与国标方法评估的结果进行比对。选择固碳、气候调节和废弃物处理3项指标,分别采用替代市场价格法和替代成本法对2013—2017年5年间温州海域生态系统提供的调节服务价值进行评估,并初步揭示其空间分布规律。结果表明,采用改进后的评估指标和方法,2013—2017年温州海域调节服务价值变化范围为(63.59—86.25)亿元;其中,以废弃物处理提供的服务价值占主导地位(56.53%—76.64%),其次是气候调节服务提供的价值(23.33%—43.45%),二者合计占调节服务价值的99.9%以上。可见,温州海域调节服务价值的贡献主要来自废弃物处理和气候调节服务提供的价值。温州海域面积8649 km~2,2013—2017年其调节服务价值平均分布密度范围为(73.52—99.72)万元/km~2。此外,温州海域提供的调节服务价值相当于同年温州市地区海洋生产总值的7.34%—11.88%,相当于同年温州市地区生产总值(GDP)的1.26%—2.00%,对温州市第二产业增加值的贡献度为17%—27%,由此表明温州海域调节服务价值对温州市经济发展有着重要的支撑作用。温州海域调节服务价值的空间分布总体呈现出从近岸向外海明显降低趋势。采用新的评估指标和评估方法,能大幅度提高调节服务的价值(是旧方法评估价值的6—9倍),从而使温州市海洋生态系统服务总价值得到大幅提升。本研究对温州市海洋生态系统调节服务价值的评估,反映出近年来温州市海洋生态环境处于良好状态,同时表明海洋生态系统为人类带来了巨大效益,也可为温州市海洋生态文明建设和海洋部门管理工作提供一定的决策依据。     

厦门市不透水面景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析

厦门是中国五大经济特区之一、海西经济区的核心城市,城市化水平很高。对不透水面的监测和驱动力分析不仅能增加对城市化进程的了解,而且对城市景观格局研究和城市生态环境建设具有重要意义。本研究利用1978-2018年间的Landsat遥感影像数据,采用全限制性最小二乘法、景观格局分析、坡度梯度分析及相关性分析法,研究厦门市不透水面景观时空变化特征及其与社会经济因素的关系。结果表明: 1978-2018年,厦门市不透水面面积增加348.96 km²,年均增加8.72 km²;不透水面动态度在2005-2010年达到最大,为9.0%;厦门市86.6%以上的不透水面分布在坡度6°以内,2010-2018年有向更大坡度扩展趋势。随着坡度的升高,不透水面占比减小,斑块密度随之减小且形状趋于规整连续,不透水面景观破碎化程度不断增加。厦门市不透水面的增加与地区经济总量和人口显著相关。研究期间,厦门市不透水面空间格局变化显著,在未来城市规划过程中,应协调好不透水面的扩张范围和速度,避免过高比例的不透水面带来生态环境问题,以满足厦门市可持续发展的需要。     

黑龙江省高粱炭疽病致病真菌分离与鉴定

【背景】黑龙江省高粱炭疽病是目前主要的高粱病害之一,严重影响高粱的产量与品质。【目的】明确黑龙江省高粱炭疽病的病原种类。【方法】采用组织分离法与单孢纯化法获得高粱炭疽病病原纯培养物。通过柯赫氏法则证病后,利用培养物菌落形态、产孢结构、分生孢子形态及大小等形态学特征,同时结合rDNA ITS序列特征对病原物进行鉴定。【结果】柯赫氏法则验证结果表明,分离自不同地区的3个分离株D13、H4和Z24是高粱炭疽病的致病真菌。形态学观察表明,3株菌在PDA培养基上在28℃形成的菌落生长速度为7.3-12.3 mm/d,菌丝白色、灰白色至灰色,菌落浅黄色至橘黄色;刚毛直立,基部膨大,褐色或深褐色,有3-5隔;分生孢子梗直接从菌丝体上产生,无色无隔,短,直立或稍弯,不分枝;分生孢子单胞,镰状,向两端渐尖,表面光滑,无色,有的具油球;附着胞从菌丝顶端或菌丝体产生,顶端膨大,褐色或深褐色,近球形、卵球形、椭圆形或纺锤形,边缘光滑、裂片、多裂片或深裂片。分离株D13、H4和Z24获得的rDNA ITS序列登录号分别为MW040055、MW040057和MW040056。基于rDNAITS序列构建的系统发育树发现,分离株D13、H4和Z24均与高粱炭疽菌(Colletotrichum sublineola)相聚一群。【结论】黑龙江省引起高粱炭疽病的病原真菌为高粱炭疽菌。     

显微注射法制备转基因家蝇技术的建立

旨在利用显微注射法对早期家蝇(Musca domestica L.)卵注射含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)基因的转座子载体,实现活体基因稳定表达并对其进行验证,为开展家蝇基因功能的研究奠定基础。文中自制适用于显微注射家蝇卵的硼硅酸盐玻璃微量注射针,摸索出家蝇卵壳的软化处理条件,以NanojectⅢ高精度微量注射器为主体构建适用于家蝇的显微注射技术平台;将含有眼部特异表达的3×P3启动子、EGFP的重组质粒PiggyBac-[3×P3]-EGFP与稳定遗传表达辅助质粒pHA3pig helper显微注射到处理过的家蝇卵中,待羽化观察眼部发光情况,检测EGFP的表达及转录水平。结果表明,将家蝇卵在漂白水中漂洗35 s时卵的正常孵化率为55%,处理35 s的卵壳其硬度适宜注射且注射针头不易破碎;羽化后的家蝇眼部带有绿色荧光的占比约为3%,通过分子检测,家蝇的DNA和RNA中均扩增出EGFP特异片段,大小为750 bp。通过该技术平台,能够便捷、有效地实现报告基因在家蝇中的稳定表达,建立以家蝇为主体的生物反应器,为后续家蝇基因功能的研究提供一定参考价值。     

有机无机肥配施对双季稻轮作系统产量、温室气体排放和土壤养分的综合效应

本研究开展了连续3年(2017—2019年)的田间试验,通过设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(F)、等氮条件下有机肥配施化肥(FM)(有机肥全部于早稻季施用)3个处理,对双季稻轮作系统作物产量、土壤肥力进行分析,并连续2年(2018—2019年)对单施化肥和有机肥配施化肥处理的CH₄和N₂O排放进行监测。结果表明: 施肥可以显著提高早、晚稻产量,其中FM处理的增产效果最好,与F处理相比,FM处理早稻和晚稻分别平均增产5.6%和7.2%,且增产效果随着年限的增加表现为增加趋势。FM处理早稻、晚稻和周年轮作CH₄排放量较F处理分别增加8.2%、4.8%和6.7%;但N₂O排放量分别下降31.4%、5.0%和18.8%。尽管连续2年各处理双季稻轮作系统全球增温潜势差异不显著,但FM处理温室气体排放强度较F处理分别下降6.8%和8.5%。与F处理相比,FM处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加9.7%、4.1%、30.9%和2.5%。综上所述,在本研究条件下,有机肥集中于早稻季施用替代化肥是增加双季稻产量、提高土壤肥力和降低稻田温室气体排放强度的有效措施。